Key Constituents

Tannins (gallotannins and ellagitannins)^{[4, 5]}

The astringent principles of the leaf.

Tannins

Flavonoids and phenolic acids (including gallic acid)^[5]

Antioxidant and antibacterial constituents.

Phenolic acidsGallic acidFlavonoids

Vitamin C and minerals (iron)^[4]

Minor nutritive constituents of the leaf.

Pharmacological Actions

Anti-inflammatory^[4]

Anti-inflammatory gargle / mouthwash for sore throat and oral mucosa inflammation

Antidiarrhoeal^{[4, 5]}

Astringent for mild diarrhoea (tannins tighten the gut lining and reduce excess secretion)

Antimicrobial^[5]

Antioxidant^[5]

Astringent^{[4, 5]}

Astringent for mild diarrhoea (tannins tighten the gut lining and reduce excess secretion)

Traditional & Indicated Uses

Arthritis / joint pain^[4]Traditional · 2/10

inferred from anti-inflammatory action

more plants for arthritis / joint pain →detailed sources →

Diarrhoea^{[4, 5]}Traditional · 2/10

Astringent for mild diarrhoea (tannins tighten the gut lining and reduce excess secretion)

more plants for diarrhoea →detailed sources →

Infection (general)^[5]Traditional · 2/10

inferred from antimicrobial action

more plants for infection (general) →detailed sources →

Inflammation (general)^[4]Traditional · 2/10

Anti-inflammatory gargle / mouthwash for sore throat and oral mucosa inflammation

more plants for inflammation (general) →detailed sources →

Oral & throat health^[4]Traditional · 2/10

Anti-inflammatory gargle / mouthwash for sore throat and oral mucosa inflammation

more plants for oral & throat health →detailed sources →

Skin irritation^{[4, 5]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from astringent action

more plants for skin irritation →detailed sources →

Sore throat^[4]Traditional · 2/10

Anti-inflammatory gargle / mouthwash for sore throat and oral mucosa inflammation

more plants for sore throat →detailed sources →

Wounds^{[4, 5]}Traditional · 2/10

inferred from astringent action

more plants for wounds →detailed sources →

Safety, Cautions & Contraindications

Safety note^[4]Info

Tannin-rich: high or prolonged intake may cause stomach upset or constipation and can reduce the absorption of iron and some medicines taken at the same time.

Safety note^[4]Info

Traditional use only; diarrhoea that persists (especially in children) needs medical assessment and attention to rehydration.

References

REF-0713, REF-0714, REF-0715

References & Sources

Zia-Ul-Haq, M., Riaz, M., De Feo, V., Jaafar, H.Z.E. and Moga, M (2014) 'Rubus fruticosus L.: constituents, biological activities and health related uses', Molecules, 19(8), pp. 10998-11029. doi:10.3390/molecules190810998 Traditional / reference
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190810998
Monforte, M.T., Smeriglio, A., Germanò, M.P., Pergolizzi, S., Circosta, C. and Galati, E.M (2018) 'Evaluation of antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and gastroprotective properties of Rubus fruticosus L. fruit juice', Phytotherapy Research, 32(7), pp. 1404-1414. doi:10.1002/ptr.6078 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6078
Barbieri, F., Montanari, C., Šimat, V., Skroza, D., Čagalj, M. et al (2022) 'Effects of Rubus fruticosus and Juniperus oxycedrus derivatives on culturability and viability of Listeria monocytogenes', Scientific Reports, 12(1), pp. 13158. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-17408-4 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17408-4
Verma, R., Gangrade, T., Punasiya, R. and Ghulaxe, C (2014) 'Rubus fruticosus (blackberry) use as an herbal medicine', Pharmacognosy Reviews. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4127818/ Preclinical
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4127818/
Grabek-Lejko, D., Milek, M., Sidor, E., Puchalski, C. and Dzugan, M (2022) 'Antiviral and Antibacterial Effect of Honey Enriched with Rubus spp. as a Functional Food with Enhanced Antioxidant Properties', Molecules, pp. as. doi:10.3390/molecules27154859 Preclinical
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154859

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